Otago Exercise for Fall Prevention in Older Adults A Narrative Literature Review

Abstract

Background: Falls threaten independence in older adults, highlighting the need for evidence based exercise interventions. Objectives: To examine evidence on the Otago Exercise Program (OEP) for improving balance, mobility, and fall prevention among older adults. Methods: A narrative literature review examined ten selected reports published between 2021 and 2025, identified through PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Evidence was categorized by study design, distinguishing controlled studies, uncontrolled studies, a case report, and a trial protocol. Actual falls were analyzed separately from functional assessment outcomes. Results: Nine reports provided intervention outcomes, while one described a planned trial. Short studies generally reported improvements in balance or mobility, including a Berg Balance Scale increase from 37.36 to 48.73 in an uncontrolled study. A Spanish randomized trial comparing group and individual delivery found a 12 month difference in reported falls of -0.58 percentage points (90% confidence interval: -6.54 to 5.39). This comparison evaluated delivery formats rather than effectiveness against usual care. Conclusions: Individually adapted OEP may support fall prevention strategies, although evidence should be interpreted according to study design. Future implementation should monitor adherence, functional outcomes, actual falls, and adverse events.